Lectins as virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica and free-living amoebae

Currently, there is growing interest in the identification and purification of microbial lectins due to their involvement in the pathogenicity mechanisms of pathogens, such as Entamoeba histolytica and free-living amoebae. The Gal/GalNAc lectin from E. histolytica participates in adhesion, cytotoxicity and regulation of immune responses. Furthermore, mannose- and galactose-binding protein have been described in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Balamuthia mandrillaris, respectively and they also contribute to host damage. Finally, in Naegleria fowleri, molecules containing mannose and fucose are implicated in adhesion and cytotoxicity. Considering their relevance in the pathogenesis of the diseases caused by these protozoa, lectins appear to be promising targets in the diagnosis, vaccination and treatment of these infections.