TY - JOUR
T1 - Visible watermarking assessment metrics based on just noticeable distortion
AU - Fragoso-Navarro, Eduardo
AU - Cedillo-Hernandez, Manuel
AU - Nakano-Miyatake, Mariko
AU - Cedillo-Hernandez, Antonio
AU - Perez-Meana, Hector Manuel
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2013 IEEE.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - During the last two decades, several visible watermarking algorithms with different characteristics have been proposed. In the context of visible digital watermarking, watermark visibility and its non-obtrusiveness are essential issues. However, assessment metrics were not established to evaluate these two issues until now. Due to the lack of established assessment metrics, visibility is evaluated in a subjective manner and the obtrusiveness caused by the visible watermark is evaluated by well-known image quality metrics, such as peak signal noise ratio, comparing the host image and the watermarked image. In this paper, we propose four assessment metrics for visible watermarking algorithms, in which the global visibility, global obtrusiveness, local obtrusiveness in host edge region, and a global quality of watermarked image are evaluated using a couple of criteria based on the human visual system and a pixel-based just-noticeable distortion function. The evaluation results show the reliability of the proposed metrics used for measuring the above-mentioned aspects when several visible watermarking algorithms are employed as well as in several scenarios where an attempt to remove the watermark pattern from the watermarked content was made.
AB - During the last two decades, several visible watermarking algorithms with different characteristics have been proposed. In the context of visible digital watermarking, watermark visibility and its non-obtrusiveness are essential issues. However, assessment metrics were not established to evaluate these two issues until now. Due to the lack of established assessment metrics, visibility is evaluated in a subjective manner and the obtrusiveness caused by the visible watermark is evaluated by well-known image quality metrics, such as peak signal noise ratio, comparing the host image and the watermarked image. In this paper, we propose four assessment metrics for visible watermarking algorithms, in which the global visibility, global obtrusiveness, local obtrusiveness in host edge region, and a global quality of watermarked image are evaluated using a couple of criteria based on the human visual system and a pixel-based just-noticeable distortion function. The evaluation results show the reliability of the proposed metrics used for measuring the above-mentioned aspects when several visible watermarking algorithms are employed as well as in several scenarios where an attempt to remove the watermark pattern from the watermarked content was made.
KW - Assessment
KW - human visual system
KW - just- noticeable distortion
KW - obtrusiveness
KW - visible watermarking
KW - watermark visibility
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85057369205&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883322
DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883322
M3 - Artículo
SN - 2169-3536
VL - 6
SP - 75767
EP - 75788
JO - IEEE Access
JF - IEEE Access
M1 - 8543805
ER -