TY - JOUR
T1 - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce strong oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in glial cells
AU - Gutiérrez Iglesias, Elizabeth
AU - Pérez-Arizti, José Antonio
AU - Márquez-Ramírez, Sandra Gissela
AU - Delgado-Buenrostro, Norma Laura
AU - Chirino, Yolanda Irasema
AU - Iglesias, Gisela Gutierrez
AU - López-Marure, Rebeca
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank to CONACyT, for providing financial support to Elizabeth Huerta-García, Sandra Gissela Márquez-Ramírez, and José Antonio Pérez-Arizti , graduate students from the Posgrado en Investigación en Medicina, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional and from the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Scholarship Nos. 227281 , 175962 , and 294521 , respectively. We also thank CONACyT for economical support of this work and Project 182341 .
PY - 2014/8
Y1 - 2014/8
N2 - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in the chemical, electrical, and electronic industries. TiO2 NPs can enter directly into the brain through the olfactory bulb and can be deposited in the hippocampus region; therefore, we determined the toxic effect of TiO2 NPs on rat and human glial cells, C6 and U373, respectively. We evaluated some events related to oxidative stress: (1) redox-signaling mechanisms by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; (2) peroxidation of lipids by cis-parinaric acid; (3) antioxidant enzyme expression by PCR in real time; and (4) mitochondrial damage by MitoTracker Green FM staining and Rh123. TiO2 NPs induced a strong oxidative stress in both glial cell lines by mediating changes in the cellular redox state and lipid peroxidation associated with a rise in the expression of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase 2. TiO2 NPs also produced morphological changes, damage of mitochondria, and an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating toxicity. TiO2 NPs had a cytotoxic effect on glial cells; however, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to ascertain that exposure to TiO2 NPs can cause brain injury and be hazardous to health.
AB - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in the chemical, electrical, and electronic industries. TiO2 NPs can enter directly into the brain through the olfactory bulb and can be deposited in the hippocampus region; therefore, we determined the toxic effect of TiO2 NPs on rat and human glial cells, C6 and U373, respectively. We evaluated some events related to oxidative stress: (1) redox-signaling mechanisms by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; (2) peroxidation of lipids by cis-parinaric acid; (3) antioxidant enzyme expression by PCR in real time; and (4) mitochondrial damage by MitoTracker Green FM staining and Rh123. TiO2 NPs induced a strong oxidative stress in both glial cell lines by mediating changes in the cellular redox state and lipid peroxidation associated with a rise in the expression of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase 2. TiO2 NPs also produced morphological changes, damage of mitochondria, and an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating toxicity. TiO2 NPs had a cytotoxic effect on glial cells; however, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to ascertain that exposure to TiO2 NPs can cause brain injury and be hazardous to health.
KW - Free radicals
KW - Glial cells
KW - Lipoperoxidation
KW - Mitochondrial damage
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - ROS
KW - Titanium dioxide
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84902000387&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.026
DO - 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.026
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 24824983
SN - 0891-5849
VL - 73
SP - 84
EP - 94
JO - Free Radical Biology and Medicine
JF - Free Radical Biology and Medicine
ER -