TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimisation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Squalene from Amaranthus spp. Seeds
AU - Lozano-Grande, María A.
AU - Dávila-Ortiz, Gloria
AU - García-Dávila, Jorge
AU - Ríos-Cortés, Gabriel
AU - Espitia-Rangel, Eduardo
AU - Martínez-Ayala, Alma L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, © 2019 International Microwave Power Institute.
PY - 2019/10/2
Y1 - 2019/10/2
N2 - Squalene is a triterpene of pharmaceutical interest, due to its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Amaranth oil is a source of plant origin with high squalene content which is extracted by conventional methods that involve high cost, time-consuming and create large amounts of waste by-products or CO2 emissions. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to obtain amaranth oil rich in squalene under closed conditions. The optimization of squalene yield (SQ) was conducted using response surface methodology by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) with 33 factors: time (20, 25, 30 min), solvent–co-solvent (50:50, 60:40, 70:30 v/v) and temperature (40, 60, 80 °C). The effect of factors on yield was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry followed by a comparison of the yield and chemical composition than those obtained by Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane during 6 h). Optimal conditions produced a squalene yield of 16,456 mg·100g−1 oil versus 7,967 mg·100g−1 oil for conventional extraction. The ratio solvent and heating time significantly affected the yield, but the chemical composition and quality of extract were not affected, there were no oxidation products derived from the heat treatment. MAE has proven to be an environmental-friendly option with a significant reduction in time, energy and avoids solvent consumption.
AB - Squalene is a triterpene of pharmaceutical interest, due to its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Amaranth oil is a source of plant origin with high squalene content which is extracted by conventional methods that involve high cost, time-consuming and create large amounts of waste by-products or CO2 emissions. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to obtain amaranth oil rich in squalene under closed conditions. The optimization of squalene yield (SQ) was conducted using response surface methodology by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) with 33 factors: time (20, 25, 30 min), solvent–co-solvent (50:50, 60:40, 70:30 v/v) and temperature (40, 60, 80 °C). The effect of factors on yield was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry followed by a comparison of the yield and chemical composition than those obtained by Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane during 6 h). Optimal conditions produced a squalene yield of 16,456 mg·100g−1 oil versus 7,967 mg·100g−1 oil for conventional extraction. The ratio solvent and heating time significantly affected the yield, but the chemical composition and quality of extract were not affected, there were no oxidation products derived from the heat treatment. MAE has proven to be an environmental-friendly option with a significant reduction in time, energy and avoids solvent consumption.
KW - Box-Behnken
KW - Triterpene
KW - anticarcinogenic agent
KW - lipid
KW - natural antioxidant
KW - pseudo-cereal
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85075041535&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/08327823.2019.1677429
DO - 10.1080/08327823.2019.1677429
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85075041535
SN - 0832-7823
VL - 53
SP - 243
EP - 258
JO - Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy
JF - Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy
IS - 4
ER -