Influence of TiO₂ nanoparticles content as reinforce material to enhance the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Sn and Sn–Ag alloy for dental applications

This study evaluated the influence of the TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) on the mechanical and chemical performance of Sn and Sn–Ag alloys. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) and HR-TEM (high resolution-transmission electron microscopy) methods were used to characterize the NPs synthesized by the sol-gel microwave process. The chemical composition of the alloys was Sn, Sn+3TiO₂ NPs, Sn–5Ag+1.5TiO₂ NPs, Sn–10Ag, and Sn–10Ag+3TiO₂ NPs, obtained from an experimental factorial design (EFD). A statistical model was used to determine the mechanical and chemical properties, showing the Vickers hardness response surface, tensile strength, wear, and corrosion resistance. The wear and corrosion tests for the various alloy compositions were performed using human artificial saliva solution. The results indicated that the Sn–10Ag+3TiO₂ NPs exhibited the highest mechanical performance due to their increased hardness (380 HV), tensile strength (370 N), and wear resistance (0.34 × 10⁻³ mm³ Nm⁻¹); in all the cases, the inclusion of TiO₂ NPs enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloys. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), Sn–10Ag+3TiO₂ NPs alloy could be classified as a possible type IV restorative material.