Impacto ecológico de la industria petrolera en la sonda de campeche, México, tras tres décadas de actividad: UNA revisión

In the present review offshore activities of the Mexican oil industry in the Campeche Sound are analyzed and how this industry is integrated on their exploration, production and transportation process is presented, together with specific information related to how each one of these industrial activities generates possible impacts and consequences on the ecosystem and its biotic components. Risk zones are delimited, identifying impacting installations and pollutants emitted, and how they affect biological groups (effects and impact intensity). The lack of information previous to the beginning of the oil industry operations stands out, and the information generated subsequently has not followed a continuous monitoring program that integrates the research carried out in the region. This, in turn, makes it hard to recognize the reach and probable duration' of the environmental damage caused, and to distinguish impacts due to natural factors (climatic or hydrographic changes, river runoffs, biogenic production and natural oil seep) and those arising from anthropogenic factors (exploration and oil production activities, industrial pollution, commercial fisheries). The need to eradicate inappropriate operating systems (normal and accidental operations) in facilities and processes, and the continuation of industrial certification under international standards for environmental management systems is pointed out.