TY - JOUR
T1 - Human exposure to microplastics from urban decentralized pay-to-fetch drinking-water refill kiosks
AU - Pérez-Guevara, Fermín
AU - Roy, Priyadarsi D.
AU - Elizalde-Martínez, I.
AU - Kutralam-Muniasamy, Gurusamy
AU - Shruti, V. C.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/11/20
Y1 - 2022/11/20
N2 - Microplastics in the human diet have become a worldwide concern. To date, microplastics in urban drinking water supplies, such as decentralized drinking-water refill kiosks, have not been studied and are a pressing concern since they are so closely tied to human life and have a significant influence on health. This study evaluated the occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in 63 drinking water samples collected from decentralized refill kiosks in the Mexico City metropolitan area. All of the sampled drinking water contained microplastics in concentrations ranging from 11 to 860 microplastics L−1. The detected microplastics were mostly fiber (65 %), followed by fragment (28 %), and film (7 %). They were mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, vinyl polymers, polyacetal, and cellophane in sizes ranging from 20 μm to 5 mm, with 75 % of them accounting for sizes <300 μm. SEM-EDX analysis revealed weathered microplastics, biota adherence, and the presence of inorganic elements on the surface of microplastics. We estimate that Mexico City residents inadvertently ingest 42 microplastics L−1, with an annual exposure of around 1.47 × 104 microplastics per adult and 6.73 × 103 microplastics per child. Therefore, future research is needed to strengthen drinking water refill kiosk guidelines and standards for better microplastic management. This study serves as a wake-up call to many developing countries that use similar urban water systems, drawing their attention to global microplastic contamination of drinking water.
AB - Microplastics in the human diet have become a worldwide concern. To date, microplastics in urban drinking water supplies, such as decentralized drinking-water refill kiosks, have not been studied and are a pressing concern since they are so closely tied to human life and have a significant influence on health. This study evaluated the occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in 63 drinking water samples collected from decentralized refill kiosks in the Mexico City metropolitan area. All of the sampled drinking water contained microplastics in concentrations ranging from 11 to 860 microplastics L−1. The detected microplastics were mostly fiber (65 %), followed by fragment (28 %), and film (7 %). They were mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, vinyl polymers, polyacetal, and cellophane in sizes ranging from 20 μm to 5 mm, with 75 % of them accounting for sizes <300 μm. SEM-EDX analysis revealed weathered microplastics, biota adherence, and the presence of inorganic elements on the surface of microplastics. We estimate that Mexico City residents inadvertently ingest 42 microplastics L−1, with an annual exposure of around 1.47 × 104 microplastics per adult and 6.73 × 103 microplastics per child. Therefore, future research is needed to strengthen drinking water refill kiosk guidelines and standards for better microplastic management. This study serves as a wake-up call to many developing countries that use similar urban water systems, drawing their attention to global microplastic contamination of drinking water.
KW - ATR-FTIR
KW - Drinking water
KW - Mexico
KW - Microplastics
KW - Water treatment
KW - fiber
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85135284373&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157722
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157722
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 35914603
AN - SCOPUS:85135284373
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 848
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 157722
ER -