Techno-economic analysis of microbial fuel cells using different nanomaterials

Nanotechnology and their implications in the most demanding energy sector could prove technological breakthrough in the mission of developing an environmentally sound technology to generate energy. The role of metal-, metal oxides-, and carbon-based nanomaterials, their insertion at the anode and/or cathode catalysts and their performance characteristics in enhancing the microbial growth has improved the rate of electron transfer. Their increased surface area, active spots, increased conductivity, and biocompatibility attributed them as promising nanomaterials for enhanced efficiency. Moreover, the challenges and the toxicity associated with the nanomaterials need special attention. Besides several advantages, the limitations associated with high cost, mitigated biofouling, and proton conductivity demand immediate action. Futuristic research studies pertaining to life cycle assessment, impact analysis and environmental safety on the choice of nanomaterials, their production cost and toxicity need further improvement in the development of eco-friendly and sustainable products.