TY - JOUR
T1 - Sublethal effect of the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
AU - Llanos-Rivera, Alejandra
AU - Álvarez-Muñoz, Katia
AU - Astuya-Villalón, Allisson
AU - López-Rosales, Lorenzo
AU - García-Camacho, Francisco
AU - Sánchez-Mirón, Asterio
AU - Krock, Bernd
AU - Gallardo-Rodríguez, Juan José
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Dinoflagellates of the genus Karlodinium are ichthyotoxic species that produce toxins including karlotoxins and karmitoxins. Karlotoxins show hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and have been associated with fish mortality. This study evaluated the effect of toxins released into the environment of Karlodinium veneficum strain K10 (Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean) on the early stages of Danio rerio (zebrafish). Extracts of the supernatant of K10 contained the mono-sulfated KmTx-10, KmTx-11, KmTx-12, KmTx-13, and a di-sulfated form of KmTx-10. Total egg mortality was observed for karlotoxin concentration higher than 2.69 μg L−1. For 1.35 μg L−1, 87% of development anomalies were evidenced (all concentrations were expressed as KmTx-2 equivalent). Larvae of 8 days postfertilization exposed to 1.35 µg L−1 presented epithelial damage with 80% of cells in the early apoptotic stage. Our results indicate that supernatants with low concentration of KmTxs produce both lethal and sublethal effects in early fish stages. Moreover, apoptosis was induced at concentrations as low as 0.01 μg L−1. This is of great relevance since detrimental long-term effects due to exposure to low concentrations of these substances could affect wild and cultured fish.
AB - Dinoflagellates of the genus Karlodinium are ichthyotoxic species that produce toxins including karlotoxins and karmitoxins. Karlotoxins show hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and have been associated with fish mortality. This study evaluated the effect of toxins released into the environment of Karlodinium veneficum strain K10 (Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean) on the early stages of Danio rerio (zebrafish). Extracts of the supernatant of K10 contained the mono-sulfated KmTx-10, KmTx-11, KmTx-12, KmTx-13, and a di-sulfated form of KmTx-10. Total egg mortality was observed for karlotoxin concentration higher than 2.69 μg L−1. For 1.35 μg L−1, 87% of development anomalies were evidenced (all concentrations were expressed as KmTx-2 equivalent). Larvae of 8 days postfertilization exposed to 1.35 µg L−1 presented epithelial damage with 80% of cells in the early apoptotic stage. Our results indicate that supernatants with low concentration of KmTxs produce both lethal and sublethal effects in early fish stages. Moreover, apoptosis was induced at concentrations as low as 0.01 μg L−1. This is of great relevance since detrimental long-term effects due to exposure to low concentrations of these substances could affect wild and cultured fish.
KW - Harmful algal bloom
KW - Ichthyotoxin
KW - Karlotoxin KmTx
KW - Plankton
KW - Zebrafish bioassay
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85142069115&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11356-022-24149-4
DO - 10.1007/s11356-022-24149-4
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 36378374
AN - SCOPUS:85142069115
SN - 0944-1344
VL - 30
SP - 27113
EP - 27124
JO - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
JF - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
IS - 10
ER -