TY - JOUR
T1 - Hypoxia as a Modulator of Inflammation and Immune Response in Cancer
AU - Castillo-Rodríguez, Rosa A.
AU - Trejo-Solís, Cristina
AU - Cabrera-Cano, Alfredo
AU - Gómez-Manzo, Saúl
AU - Dávila-Borja, Víctor Manuel
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - A clear association between hypoxia and cancer has heretofore been established; however, it has not been completely developed. In this sense, the understanding of the tumoral microenvironment is critical to dissect the complexity of cancer, including the reduction in oxygen distribution inside the tumoral mass, defined as tumoral hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia not only influences the tumoral cells but also the surrounding cells, including those related to the inflammatory processes. In this review, we analyze the participation of HIF, NF-κB, and STAT signaling pathways as the main components that interconnect hypoxia and immune response and how they modulate tumoral growth. In addition, we closely examine the participation of the immune cells and how they are affected by hypoxia, the effects of the progression of cancer, and some innovative applications that take advantage of this knowledge, to suggest potential therapies. Therefore, we contribute to the understanding of the complexity of cancer to propose innovative therapeutic strategies in the future.
AB - A clear association between hypoxia and cancer has heretofore been established; however, it has not been completely developed. In this sense, the understanding of the tumoral microenvironment is critical to dissect the complexity of cancer, including the reduction in oxygen distribution inside the tumoral mass, defined as tumoral hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia not only influences the tumoral cells but also the surrounding cells, including those related to the inflammatory processes. In this review, we analyze the participation of HIF, NF-κB, and STAT signaling pathways as the main components that interconnect hypoxia and immune response and how they modulate tumoral growth. In addition, we closely examine the participation of the immune cells and how they are affected by hypoxia, the effects of the progression of cancer, and some innovative applications that take advantage of this knowledge, to suggest potential therapies. Therefore, we contribute to the understanding of the complexity of cancer to propose innovative therapeutic strategies in the future.
KW - HIF-1α
KW - NF-κB
KW - STAT
KW - cancer
KW - hypoxia
KW - inflammation
KW - tumoral microenvironment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129364562&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/cancers14092291
DO - 10.3390/cancers14092291
M3 - Artículo de revisión
C2 - 35565420
AN - SCOPUS:85129364562
SN - 2072-6694
VL - 14
JO - Cancers
JF - Cancers
IS - 9
M1 - 2291
ER -