Chlorination reactions of ephedrines revisited. Stereochemistry and functional groups effect on the reaction mechanisms

The stereochemistry of the chlorination reactions with SOCl₂ of free ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and their hydrochlorides, examides and sulfonamides was analyzed. Chlorination of free and hydrochloride erythro isomers occurs with 100% inversion of configuration at C-1 (S(N)2 mechanism). Chlorination of examides and sulfonamides of erythro isomers occurs with retention of the configuration at C-1, (S(N)i mechanism). Chlorination reactions in all three isomers and derivatives hydrochlorides, examides or sulfonamides gave the same ratio of erythro (40%) and three isomers (60%) (S(N)1 mechanism). Treatment of the isomeric mixture of the chlorodeoxyephedrine and chlorodeoxypseudoephedrine hydrochloride in DMSO with HCl changes the isomeric ratio, increasing the erythro isomer content (65%). Using the erythro ethanolamines it is possible to arrive stereoselectively at the erythro chloroamines if the compound is previously tosylated or converted to the amide, or to the three chloroamines if the compound is directly chlorinated with SOCl₂.