TY - JOUR
T1 - Asymmetric patterns in the cranial skeleton of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to sodium pentachlorophenate at different embryonic developmental stages
AU - López-Romero, Faviel
AU - Zúñiga, Gerardo
AU - Martínez-Jerónimo, Fernando
N1 - Funding Information:
F. López-Romero is grateful for support from CONACYT ( 323558 ) as well as the Programa Institucional de Formación de Investigadores (PIFI) of the Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas (COFAA) . F. Martínez-Jerónimo and G. Zúñiga are thankful for financial support provided by the Sistema de Estímulo al Desempeño de los Investigadores (EDI) and COFAA of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional . Also thanks to two anonymous reviewers for the detailed evaluation of this manuscript, and for many insightful suggestions and comments that helped improving this final version.
PY - 2012/10/1
Y1 - 2012/10/1
N2 - Bilaterally symmetric organisms display mirror copies of their structures on both sides of the body, and the development of both sides is regulated by the same set of genes. Environmental variations can directly affect phenotype, and exposure to chemical contaminants at certain stages may modify embryonic development. The pesticide sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) was used at the no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) to determine the degree of susceptibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in different developmentally susceptible windows (zygote, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and larva). Shape variation in the zebrafish viscerocranium and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which increases in direct proportion to environmental stress, induced by exposure to NaPCP were measured with geometric morphometrics. Procrustes ANOVA was performed to estimate the shape variation around a symmetric consensus that accounted for the following factors: shape variation in individuals (I), variation by sides (S), the Individuals×Sides interaction (I×S), and the stages of exposure to the toxicant (Stages). Factors I, S and Ix. S accounted for most of the morphological variation (p<0.0001). Extensive deformities throughout the viscerocranium occurred during the window of exposure from gastrula to larva. Embryonic mortality occurred and was dependent on the stage of exposure. The NOEC concentration of NaPCP affected embryonic development in D. rerio and also induced lethal effects in embryos. FA was determined in both unexposed and NaPCP-exposed embryos and was greater in the control than in some exposure windows; besides, no correlation was found between FA and developmental stages, so our results do not support FA as a bioindicator of chemical stress but confirm its value in the study of morphological effects of toxicants.
AB - Bilaterally symmetric organisms display mirror copies of their structures on both sides of the body, and the development of both sides is regulated by the same set of genes. Environmental variations can directly affect phenotype, and exposure to chemical contaminants at certain stages may modify embryonic development. The pesticide sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) was used at the no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) to determine the degree of susceptibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in different developmentally susceptible windows (zygote, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and larva). Shape variation in the zebrafish viscerocranium and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which increases in direct proportion to environmental stress, induced by exposure to NaPCP were measured with geometric morphometrics. Procrustes ANOVA was performed to estimate the shape variation around a symmetric consensus that accounted for the following factors: shape variation in individuals (I), variation by sides (S), the Individuals×Sides interaction (I×S), and the stages of exposure to the toxicant (Stages). Factors I, S and Ix. S accounted for most of the morphological variation (p<0.0001). Extensive deformities throughout the viscerocranium occurred during the window of exposure from gastrula to larva. Embryonic mortality occurred and was dependent on the stage of exposure. The NOEC concentration of NaPCP affected embryonic development in D. rerio and also induced lethal effects in embryos. FA was determined in both unexposed and NaPCP-exposed embryos and was greater in the control than in some exposure windows; besides, no correlation was found between FA and developmental stages, so our results do not support FA as a bioindicator of chemical stress but confirm its value in the study of morphological effects of toxicants.
KW - Fluctuating asymmetry
KW - Geometric morphometrics
KW - Pesticides
KW - Teratogenesis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84865582144&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.008
DO - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.008
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 22818112
SN - 0147-6513
VL - 84
SP - 25
EP - 31
JO - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
JF - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
ER -