A Brief Survey of Paradigmatic Fractals from a Topological Perspective

The key issues in fractal geometry concern scale invariance (self-similarity or self-affinity) and the notion of a fractal dimension (Formula presented.) which exceeds the topological dimension (Formula presented.). In this regard, we point out that the constitutive inequality (Formula presented.) can have either a geometric or topological origin, or both. The main topological features of fractals are their connectedness, connectivity, ramification, and loopiness. We argue that these features can be specified by six basic dimension numbers which are generally independent from each other. However, for many kinds of fractals, the number of independent dimensions may be reduced due to the peculiarities of specific kinds of fractals. Accordingly, we survey the paradigmatic fractals from a topological perspective. Some challenging points are outlined.