TY - JOUR
T1 - Unraveling the biosynthesis of quinolizidine alkaloids using the genetic and chemical diversity of Mexican lupins
AU - Ramírez-Betancourt, Astrid
AU - Hernández-Sánchez, Arianna Michelle
AU - Salcedo-Morales, Guadalupe
AU - Ventura-Zapata, Elsa
AU - Robledo, Norma
AU - Wink, Michael
AU - Bermúdez-Torres, Kalina
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are synthesized by the genus Lupinus as a defense against herbivores. Synthesis of QAs in lupins is species-and organ-specific. Knowledge about their bio-synthesis and their corresponding pathways are still fragmentary, in part because lupins of com-mercial importance were mainly investigated, representing a small sample of the chemodiversity of the genus. Here, we explore the use of three Mexican lupins: Lupinus aschenbornii, Lupinus montanus, and Lupinus bilineatus as a model to study the physiology of QA biosynthesis. The corresponding QA patterns cover widely and narrowly distributed tetracyclic QAs. Quinolizidine alkaloid patterns of seeds and plantlets at different developmental stages were determined by GLC–MS and com-pared to identify the onset of de novo QA synthesis and to gain insight into specific and common biosynthesis trends. Onset of de novo QA biosynthesis occurred after the metabolization of seed QA during germination and was species-specific, as expected. A common QA pattern, from which the diversity of QA observed in these species is generated, was not found; however, lupanine and 3β-lupanine were found in the three specieswhile sparteine was not found in Lupinus bilineatus, suggesting that this simplest tetracyclic QA is not the precursor of more complex QAs. Similar patterns of metabolization and biosynthesis of structurally related QAs were observed, suggesting a common regulation.
AB - Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are synthesized by the genus Lupinus as a defense against herbivores. Synthesis of QAs in lupins is species-and organ-specific. Knowledge about their bio-synthesis and their corresponding pathways are still fragmentary, in part because lupins of com-mercial importance were mainly investigated, representing a small sample of the chemodiversity of the genus. Here, we explore the use of three Mexican lupins: Lupinus aschenbornii, Lupinus montanus, and Lupinus bilineatus as a model to study the physiology of QA biosynthesis. The corresponding QA patterns cover widely and narrowly distributed tetracyclic QAs. Quinolizidine alkaloid patterns of seeds and plantlets at different developmental stages were determined by GLC–MS and com-pared to identify the onset of de novo QA synthesis and to gain insight into specific and common biosynthesis trends. Onset of de novo QA biosynthesis occurred after the metabolization of seed QA during germination and was species-specific, as expected. A common QA pattern, from which the diversity of QA observed in these species is generated, was not found; however, lupanine and 3β-lupanine were found in the three specieswhile sparteine was not found in Lupinus bilineatus, suggesting that this simplest tetracyclic QA is not the precursor of more complex QAs. Similar patterns of metabolization and biosynthesis of structurally related QAs were observed, suggesting a common regulation.
KW - Chemodiversity
KW - Fabaceae
KW - Germination
KW - Lysine
KW - Secondary metabolism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113798593&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/d13080375
DO - 10.3390/d13080375
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85113798593
SN - 1424-2818
VL - 13
JO - Diversity
JF - Diversity
IS - 8
M1 - 375
ER -