TY - JOUR
T1 - Statistical assessment of discrimination capabilities of a fractional calculus based image watermarking system for gaussian watermarks
AU - Gonzalez-Lee, Mario
AU - Vazquez-Leal, Hector
AU - Morales-Mendoza, Luis J.
AU - Nakano-Miyatake, Mariko
AU - Perez-Meana, Hector
AU - Laguna-Camacho, Juan R.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/2
Y1 - 2021/2
N2 - In this paper, we explore the advantages of a fractional calculus based watermarking system for detecting Gaussian watermarks. To reach this goal, we selected a typical watermarking scheme and replaced the detection equation set by another set of equations derived from fractional calculus principles; then, we carried out a statistical assessment of the performance of both schemes by analyzing the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the False Positive Percentage (FPP) when they are used to detect Gaussian watermarks. The results show that the ROC of a fractional equation based scheme has 48.3% more Area Under the Curve (AUC) and a False Positives Percentage median of 0.2% whilst the selected typical watermarking scheme has 3%. In addition, the experimental results suggest that the target applications of fractional schemes for detecting Gaussian watermarks are as a semi-fragile image watermarking systems robust to Gaussian noise.
AB - In this paper, we explore the advantages of a fractional calculus based watermarking system for detecting Gaussian watermarks. To reach this goal, we selected a typical watermarking scheme and replaced the detection equation set by another set of equations derived from fractional calculus principles; then, we carried out a statistical assessment of the performance of both schemes by analyzing the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the False Positive Percentage (FPP) when they are used to detect Gaussian watermarks. The results show that the ROC of a fractional equation based scheme has 48.3% more Area Under the Curve (AUC) and a False Positives Percentage median of 0.2% whilst the selected typical watermarking scheme has 3%. In addition, the experimental results suggest that the target applications of fractional schemes for detecting Gaussian watermarks are as a semi-fragile image watermarking systems robust to Gaussian noise.
KW - False positive rate
KW - Fractional calculus
KW - Gaussian watermarks
KW - Semi-fragile watermarking system
KW - Statistical assessment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102357872&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/e23020255
DO - 10.3390/e23020255
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 33672152
AN - SCOPUS:85102357872
SN - 1099-4300
VL - 23
SP - 1
EP - 18
JO - Entropy
JF - Entropy
IS - 2
M1 - 255
ER -