@article{51dd65ba6eb4450ea94c17a112457aba,
title = "Phylogeography of California and Gal{\'a}pagos sea lions and population structure within the California sea lion",
abstract = "We investigate the phylogeography of California (Zalophus californianus) and Gal{\'a}pagos (Z. wollebaeki) sea lions and describe within-population structure for the California sea lion based on mitochondrial DNA. Fifty control-region haplotypes were found, 41 from Z. californianus and 9 from Z. wollebaeki, with three fixed differences between the two species. Ranked population boundaries along the range of Z. californianus were defined based on the Monmonier Maximum Difference Algorithm, resulting in five genetically distinct populations, two in the Pacific Ocean and three inside the Gulf of California. A Minimum Spanning Network showed a strong phylogeographic signal with two well-defined clusters, Z. californianus and Z. wollebaeki, separated by six base-pair differences, supporting the existence of two genetically distinct species with an estimated divergence time of ~0.8 Ma. Results are discussed in the context of the historical geologic and paleoceanographic events of the last 1 Ma in the eastern Pacific.",
author = "Yolanda Schramm and Mesnick, {S. L.} and {De La Rosa}, J. and Palacios, {D. M.} and Lowry, {M. S.} and D. Aurioles-Gamboa and Snell, {H. M.} and S. Escorza-Trevi{\~n}o",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments Tissue samples were collected in M{\'e}xico under permit No. DOO750.8106-97 from the Instituto Nacional de Ecolog{\'i}a; in California under permit No. 1026 from the US Department of Commerce; and in Gal{\'a}pagos, Ecuador, under permit No. PC-009-99 from the Gal{\'a}pagos National Park (and permit No. 017-00 for sample export). Additional sea lion samples from San Miguel Island were kindly provided by S. Melin (US National Marine Fisheries Service) and from Gal{\'a}pagos by S.K. Salazar (Charles Darwin Research Station). Work in M{\'e}xico was facilitated by A. Zavala and O. Maravilla and carried out on Mexican Navy ships. G. Heckel, L. Incl{\'a}n and M.L. Anoge participated during the cruise. We acknowledge the invaluable logistical support provided by the Charles Darwin Research Station in Gal{\'a}pagos (through P. Robayo). Thanks to the welcome provided by A. Dizon and staV at the SWFSC Marine Mammal Genetics Laboratory and to C. Le Duc, K. Robertson and J. Hyde for their assistance in the lab. Y.S. had grants from the Mexican National Science Foundation (CONACyT), Alstom Power (Rosarito, M{\'e}xico), and the Universidad Aut{\'o}noma de Baja California. D.M.P. was supported by award No. N00014-05-1-0045 from the US OYce of Naval Research, National Oceanographic Partnership Program. Supplemental funding for Gal{\'a}pagos sample export was provided by the Protected Resources Division of the SWFSC (through R.L. Brownell Jr.). Earlier drafts of the manuscript beneWted from comments by G. Heckel. We thank to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments. The experiments comply with the current laws of the USA, M{\'e}xico and Ecuador.",
year = "2009",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1007/s00227-009-1178-1",
language = "Ingl{\'e}s",
volume = "156",
pages = "1375--1387",
journal = "Marine Biology",
issn = "0025-3162",
number = "7",
}