TY - JOUR
T1 - Structural and physicochemical characterization of spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) nanoparticles by high-resolution electron microscopic techniques
AU - Neri-Torres, Elier Ekberg
AU - Chanona-Pérez, Jorge J.
AU - Calderón, Hector A.
AU - Torres-Figueredo, Neil
AU - Chamorro-Cevallos, German
AU - Calderón-Domínguez, Georgina
AU - Velasco-Bedrán, Hugo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Microscopy Society of America 2016.
PY - 2016/8/1
Y1 - 2016/8/1
N2 - The objective of this work was to obtain Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) nanoparticles (SNPs) by using high-impact mechanical milling and to characterize them by electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The milling products were analyzed after various processing times (1-4 h), and particle size distribution and number mean size (NMS) were determined by analysis of high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. The smallest particles are synthesized after 3 h of milling, had an NMS of 55.6±3.6 nm, with 95% of the particles being smaller than 100 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed lattice spacing of ~0.27±0.015 nm for SNPs. The corresponding chemical composition was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and showed the presence of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn. The powder flow properties showed that the powder density was higher when the average nanoparticle size is smaller. They showed free flowability and an increase in their specific surface area (6.89±0.23 m2/g) up to 12-14 times larger than the original material (0.45±0.02 m2/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that chemical damage related to the milling is not significant.
AB - The objective of this work was to obtain Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) nanoparticles (SNPs) by using high-impact mechanical milling and to characterize them by electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The milling products were analyzed after various processing times (1-4 h), and particle size distribution and number mean size (NMS) were determined by analysis of high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. The smallest particles are synthesized after 3 h of milling, had an NMS of 55.6±3.6 nm, with 95% of the particles being smaller than 100 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed lattice spacing of ~0.27±0.015 nm for SNPs. The corresponding chemical composition was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and showed the presence of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn. The powder flow properties showed that the powder density was higher when the average nanoparticle size is smaller. They showed free flowability and an increase in their specific surface area (6.89±0.23 m2/g) up to 12-14 times larger than the original material (0.45±0.02 m2/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that chemical damage related to the milling is not significant.
KW - Spirulina nanoparticles
KW - high-impact mechanical milling
KW - high-resolution electron microscopy
KW - specific surface area
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84982131381&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/S1431927616011442
DO - 10.1017/S1431927616011442
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 27515227
SN - 1431-9276
VL - 22
SP - 887
EP - 901
JO - Microscopy and Microanalysis
JF - Microscopy and Microanalysis
IS - 4
ER -