Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac is extensively used in the treatment of acute postoperative pain. This pharmaceutical has been found at concentrations of 0.2–60 µg/L in diverse water bodies around the world; however, its effects on aquatic organisms remain unknown. The present study, evaluated the oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by sublethal concentrations of ketorolac (1 and 60 µg/L) on liver, brain, and blood of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. This toxicant induced oxidative damage (increased lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxide content, and protein carbonyl content) as well as changes in antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity) in liver and brain of carp. In blood, ketorolac increased the frequency of micronuclei and is therefore genotoxic for the test species. The effects observed were time and concentration dependent.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1035-1043 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Environmental Toxicology |
Volume | 31 |
Issue number | 9 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1 Sep 2016 |
Keywords
- Cyprinus carpio
- DNA
- antioxidant enzymes
- genotoxicity
- hydroperoxides
- ketorolac
- lipid peroxidation
- micronucleus
- oxidative stress
- oxidized proteins