TY - JOUR
T1 - FTIR studies of the thermo-reversible sol–gel transition of a titanium butoxide solution modified by nitrate ions
AU - Vidales-Hurtado, M. A.
AU - Caudana-Campos, A. I.
AU - Mauricio-Sánchez, R. A.
AU - Méndez-Montealvo, G.
AU - Caballero-Briones, F.
AU - Mendoza-Galván, A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - A thermo-reversible sol–gel transition in solutions made of titanium n-butoxide, ethanol, water, and nitric acid is studied by in situ temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra show that at temperatures departing from 45 °C, the nitrate ion substitutes the partially hydrolyzed butoxide ligands, by forming bridges and mono- and bidentate chelates. The exposed oxygen atoms in the nitrate ion favor the assembly between oligomers of low molecular weight through hydrogen bonds where water molecules work as binding agents, leaving to the gel formation. When the material returns to room temperature, the nitrate ion comes back to its free state, regenerating the sol. The suspension evolves with aging time from transparent to white, indicating the formation of TiO2 particles, although the thermo-reversible effect is still observed upon heating. Infrared results suggest that gel formation proceeds through the same mechanism, however, the chelates and bridges occur through exposed Ti–OH moieties onto the particle surfaces. Additionally, after an aging period, a gel is formed at room temperature, that recovers the fluid state upon mechanical perturbation. In this case, TiO2 particles join directly by week interactions such as hydrogen bonds. The dynamic rheological studies of the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior indicate that the elastic component is the most important in the material’s structure. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - A thermo-reversible sol–gel transition in solutions made of titanium n-butoxide, ethanol, water, and nitric acid is studied by in situ temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra show that at temperatures departing from 45 °C, the nitrate ion substitutes the partially hydrolyzed butoxide ligands, by forming bridges and mono- and bidentate chelates. The exposed oxygen atoms in the nitrate ion favor the assembly between oligomers of low molecular weight through hydrogen bonds where water molecules work as binding agents, leaving to the gel formation. When the material returns to room temperature, the nitrate ion comes back to its free state, regenerating the sol. The suspension evolves with aging time from transparent to white, indicating the formation of TiO2 particles, although the thermo-reversible effect is still observed upon heating. Infrared results suggest that gel formation proceeds through the same mechanism, however, the chelates and bridges occur through exposed Ti–OH moieties onto the particle surfaces. Additionally, after an aging period, a gel is formed at room temperature, that recovers the fluid state upon mechanical perturbation. In this case, TiO2 particles join directly by week interactions such as hydrogen bonds. The dynamic rheological studies of the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior indicate that the elastic component is the most important in the material’s structure. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Sol–gel
KW - Supramolecular gel
KW - Thermo-reversible
KW - Titanium alkoxide
KW - Titanium oxide
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85111152013&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10971-021-05583-1
DO - 10.1007/s10971-021-05583-1
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85111152013
SN - 0928-0707
VL - 99
SP - 315
EP - 325
JO - Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology
JF - Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology
IS - 2
ER -