TY - JOUR
T1 - Environmental enrichment restores oxidative balance in animals chronically exposed to toluene
T2 - Comparison with melatonin
AU - Montes, Sergio
AU - Yee-Rios, Yepci
AU - Páez-Martínez, Nayeli
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2019/1
Y1 - 2019/1
N2 - Inhalants are widely used as recreational drugs, and toluene is the main chemical compound present in most inhalants used for these purposes. Previous studies have shown that repeated toluene exposure produces cellular death and memory impairment, while environmental enrichment (EE) rescues from those effects. However, the mechanisms involved in those responses are unclear. Previous studies have shown that toluene induces a redox imbalance at the neuronal level; although, details on the mechanism of action of environmental enrichment enhancing antioxidant capacity remain to be explored. It is also unexplored whether this putative antioxidant capacity is similar to that produced by pharmacological antioxidants. To study this hypothesis, Swiss-Webster male mice were chronically exposed to toluene (0 or 4000 ppm, 30 min/day/4 weeks). Subsequently, neurochemical tests were conducted to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD activity) in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In the second part of the study, we evaluated the putative antioxidant capacity of environmental enrichment and compared it to that of melatonin, a known free radical scavenger and inductor of antioxidant defences. The results showed that chronic toluene exposure increased the levels of pro-oxidative molecules and decreased the antioxidant markers. Conversely, environmental enrichment restored oxidative balance in animals previously exposed to toluene. Furthermore, the effects of EE were similar to those obtained with melatonin. Altogether, alterations in oxidative balance could represent an intermediate signalling pathway in the cascade of effects induced by toluene, while EE and melatonin appear to have the ability to rescue those effects.
AB - Inhalants are widely used as recreational drugs, and toluene is the main chemical compound present in most inhalants used for these purposes. Previous studies have shown that repeated toluene exposure produces cellular death and memory impairment, while environmental enrichment (EE) rescues from those effects. However, the mechanisms involved in those responses are unclear. Previous studies have shown that toluene induces a redox imbalance at the neuronal level; although, details on the mechanism of action of environmental enrichment enhancing antioxidant capacity remain to be explored. It is also unexplored whether this putative antioxidant capacity is similar to that produced by pharmacological antioxidants. To study this hypothesis, Swiss-Webster male mice were chronically exposed to toluene (0 or 4000 ppm, 30 min/day/4 weeks). Subsequently, neurochemical tests were conducted to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD activity) in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In the second part of the study, we evaluated the putative antioxidant capacity of environmental enrichment and compared it to that of melatonin, a known free radical scavenger and inductor of antioxidant defences. The results showed that chronic toluene exposure increased the levels of pro-oxidative molecules and decreased the antioxidant markers. Conversely, environmental enrichment restored oxidative balance in animals previously exposed to toluene. Furthermore, the effects of EE were similar to those obtained with melatonin. Altogether, alterations in oxidative balance could represent an intermediate signalling pathway in the cascade of effects induced by toluene, while EE and melatonin appear to have the ability to rescue those effects.
KW - Environmental enrichment
KW - Melatonin
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Toluene
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85056986910&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.007
DO - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.007
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 30453037
SN - 0361-9230
VL - 144
SP - 58
EP - 67
JO - Brain Research Bulletin
JF - Brain Research Bulletin
ER -