Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac

Hariz Islas-Flores, Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván, Marcela Galar-Martínez, Esmeralda Michelle Sánchez-Ocampo, Nely SanJuan-Reyes, Mariana Ortíz-Reynoso, Octavio Dublán-García

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

48 Scopus citations

Abstract

Thirty million people worldwide consume each day nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a heterogeneous group of pharmaceuticals used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies report high NSAID concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, in surface, ground, and drinking water, and in sediments. NSAIDs are also known to induce toxicity on aquatic organisms. However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usually the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and their mixture on a species of commercial interest, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentration of IBP and DCF was determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated using the following biomarkers: lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test, comet assay, and the specific activity of caspase-3. Results show that DCF, IBP, and a mixture of these pharmaceuticals induced free radical production, oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity in tissues of C. carpio. However, a greater effect was elicited by the mixture than by either pharmaceutical alone in some biomarkers evaluated, particularly in gill.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1637-1650
Number of pages14
JournalEnvironmental Toxicology
Volume32
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2017

Keywords

  • Cyprinus carpio
  • caspase-3
  • comet assay
  • micronuclei
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • oxidative stress

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