TY - JOUR
T1 - Context-dependent effects of trichoderma seed inoculation on anthracnose disease and seed yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
T2 - Ambient conditions override cultivar-specific differences
AU - Gutiérrez-Moreno, Karina
AU - Ruocco, Michelina
AU - Monti, Maurilia Maria
AU - de la Vega, Octavio Martínez
AU - Heil, Martin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
AB - Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
KW - Biocontrol
KW - Common bean
KW - Dry bean
KW - Fungus-plant interaction
KW - Plant disease
KW - Trichoderma asperellum B6
KW - Trichoderma atroviride P1
KW - Trichoderma harzianum T22
KW - Trichoderma longibrachiatum MK1
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113726229&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/plants10081739
DO - 10.3390/plants10081739
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 34451784
AN - SCOPUS:85113726229
SN - 2223-7747
VL - 10
JO - Plants
JF - Plants
IS - 8
M1 - 1739
ER -