TY - JOUR
T1 - Color image self-recovery and tampering detection scheme based on fragile watermarking with high recovery capability
AU - Reyes-Reyes, Rogelio
AU - Cruz-Ramos, Clara
AU - Ponomaryov, Volodymyr
AU - Garcia-Salgado, Beatriz P.
AU - Molina-Garcia, Javier
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors.
PY - 2021/4/1
Y1 - 2021/4/1
N2 - In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for color image authentication and selfrecovery with high tampering rates is proposed. The original image is sub-sampled and divided into non-overlapping blocks, where a watermark used for recovery purposes is generated for each one of them. Additionally, for each recovery watermark, the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation is applied to obtain a single bit for the block authentication procedure. The embedding and extraction process can be implemented in three variants (1-LSB, 2-LSB or 3-LSB) to solve the tampering coincidence problem (TCP). Three, six or nine copies of the generated watermarks can be embedded according to the variant process. Additionally, the embedding stage is implemented in a bit adjustment phase, increasing the watermarked image quality. A particular procedure is applied during a post-processing step to detect the regions affected by the TCP in each recovery watermark, where a single faithful image used for recovery is generated. In addition, we involve an inpainting algorithm to fill the blocks that have been tampered with, significantly increasing the recovery image quality. Simulation results show that the proposed framework demonstrates higher quality for the watermarked images and an efficient ability to reconstruct tampered image regions with extremely high rates (up to 90%). The novel self-recovery scheme has confirmed superior performance in reconstructing altered image regions in terms of objective criteria values and subjective visual perception via the human visual system against other state-of-the-art approaches.
AB - In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for color image authentication and selfrecovery with high tampering rates is proposed. The original image is sub-sampled and divided into non-overlapping blocks, where a watermark used for recovery purposes is generated for each one of them. Additionally, for each recovery watermark, the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation is applied to obtain a single bit for the block authentication procedure. The embedding and extraction process can be implemented in three variants (1-LSB, 2-LSB or 3-LSB) to solve the tampering coincidence problem (TCP). Three, six or nine copies of the generated watermarks can be embedded according to the variant process. Additionally, the embedding stage is implemented in a bit adjustment phase, increasing the watermarked image quality. A particular procedure is applied during a post-processing step to detect the regions affected by the TCP in each recovery watermark, where a single faithful image used for recovery is generated. In addition, we involve an inpainting algorithm to fill the blocks that have been tampered with, significantly increasing the recovery image quality. Simulation results show that the proposed framework demonstrates higher quality for the watermarked images and an efficient ability to reconstruct tampered image regions with extremely high rates (up to 90%). The novel self-recovery scheme has confirmed superior performance in reconstructing altered image regions in terms of objective criteria values and subjective visual perception via the human visual system against other state-of-the-art approaches.
KW - Fragile watermarking
KW - Image authentication
KW - Image self-recovery
KW - Image tampering detection
KW - Tampering coincidence problem
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104114760&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/app11073187
DO - 10.3390/app11073187
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85104114760
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 11
JO - Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
JF - Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
IS - 7
M1 - 3187
ER -