TY - JOUR
T1 - A color image watermarking framework for copyright protection of stereo images based on binocular just noticeable difference and LU decomposition
AU - Muñoz-Ramírez, David Octavio
AU - García-Salgado, Beatriz Paulina
AU - Ponomaryov, Volodymyr
AU - Reyes-Reyes, Rogelio
AU - Sadovnychiy, Sergiy
AU - Cruz-Ramos, Clara
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - The copyright protection of three-dimensional (3D) content is a matter of interest in artistic and creative works due to the rights of the holder for the distribution of the material. However, although stereo images are widely used for the generation of 3D content, there is a little amount of research focused on copyright protection for this type of image. In this study, a novel invisible and blind color image watermarking framework for protecting the copyright of the stereo images based on Binocular Just Noticeable Difference (BJND) and lower-and-upper (LU) decomposition is proposed. In this framework, a color watermark is encoded to reduce the information. Then, the BJND model is calculated in the R channel of a stereo image, and finally, LU decomposition is applied into the G and B channels to embed and extract a color watermark. The BJND model has demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity comparable with the Human Visual System (HVS) in luminance changes such as the ones presented in stereo images, guaranteeing a good protection performance and a high imperceptibility. The proposed framework was compared with other state-of-the-art techniques, and it has demonstrated better performance and high resistance to attacks of JPEG compression or impulsive and Gaussian noise. Additionally, this novel framework does not affect the generation of the disparity map or the 3D content when the watermarked stereo images are used for their creation.
AB - The copyright protection of three-dimensional (3D) content is a matter of interest in artistic and creative works due to the rights of the holder for the distribution of the material. However, although stereo images are widely used for the generation of 3D content, there is a little amount of research focused on copyright protection for this type of image. In this study, a novel invisible and blind color image watermarking framework for protecting the copyright of the stereo images based on Binocular Just Noticeable Difference (BJND) and lower-and-upper (LU) decomposition is proposed. In this framework, a color watermark is encoded to reduce the information. Then, the BJND model is calculated in the R channel of a stereo image, and finally, LU decomposition is applied into the G and B channels to embed and extract a color watermark. The BJND model has demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity comparable with the Human Visual System (HVS) in luminance changes such as the ones presented in stereo images, guaranteeing a good protection performance and a high imperceptibility. The proposed framework was compared with other state-of-the-art techniques, and it has demonstrated better performance and high resistance to attacks of JPEG compression or impulsive and Gaussian noise. Additionally, this novel framework does not affect the generation of the disparity map or the 3D content when the watermarked stereo images are used for their creation.
KW - 24 bits color watermark
KW - BJND
KW - Blind extraction
KW - Copyright protection
KW - LU decomposition
KW - Stereo image
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85100176269&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11042-020-10445-z
DO - 10.1007/s11042-020-10445-z
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85100176269
SN - 1380-7501
VL - 80
SP - 13707
EP - 13734
JO - Multimedia Tools and Applications
JF - Multimedia Tools and Applications
IS - 9
ER -